tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10951645391698522312024-03-05T19:31:59.470+05:30Experiments in Project ManagementSakethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04776310652887765772noreply@blogger.comBlogger20125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1095164539169852231.post-4645387656305711392012-01-08T21:31:00.001+05:302012-01-09T16:20:02.722+05:30You must get PMP certification<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">People who are thinking about getting PMP certified, I recommend them to stop thinking and start acting. You should not spend more time in thinking because the decision is very simple and you have to get certified. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For further clarification I summarize the top seven reasons for making PMP certification your number one priority for this year:</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 1. PMP certification has become mandatory for many Project Management jobs and preferable choice for the rest. If you search for any Project Management related job, you will find PMP as a mandatory requirement in many cases. So get certified, get qualified for future project management jobs. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 2. PMP demonstrates your commitment towards Project Management profession. Does PMP certification ensure whether the person is a good project manager? No, we can have good uncertified project managers who can perform as per expectations where some certified project managers might not perform, but the certification guarantees that the person is committed to project management profession. So get certified and demonstrate your commitment to project management skill.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 3. If you are working as a Project Manager or you aspire to be Project Manager then you do not have any reason for not doing it. And yes, it requires some investment of money and time but the payback period is also very short sometimes less than a year. So this investment doesn't only have short payback period but also has high Internal Rate of Return, so go for it.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 4. PMP is also getting very popular as a Qualification for the Project Managers. On an average, 5000 people are getting certified every month. If you want to be a part of such an elite group of project managers, so go for it.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 5. Preparation for PMP certification will expose you to mainstream thinking on project management standards, techniques, best practices, and current trends. It is especially helpful for the people who are from technical background and working as project managers. So if you want to know what matters the most while managing projects and what are the available or required tools and techniques for this? So go for it.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 6. PMP certification process also introduces you to many networking opportunities and once you get certified you will also get the access to many more networking platforms. It depends on you that how much you grab out of this. It’s a proven fact that networking helps people to grow in their professional life. So go for it.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 7. PMP will also boost your self-confidence and differentiate YOU from other project managers.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hopefully you are convinced for getting certified but may be thinking about how to go for it? For this, we are organizing one event “</span><a href="http://www.meraevents.com/event/how-to-crack-pmp-smartly_1"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">How to crack PMP smartly</span></a><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">” on 26 Feb 2012 in <place w:st="on"><city w:st="on">Delhi</city></place>. People from NCR region (<city w:st="on"><place w:st="on">Delhi</place></city>, Gurgaon and NOIDA) can easily participate and for the rest we are open to share our presentation material. It’s a free event and it will help you in making project plan for your PMP certification goal. Take action</span><a href="http://www.meraevents.com/event/how-to-crack-pmp-smartly_1"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span style="color: blue;">Register</span></span></a><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> NOW.</span></div>
</div>Sakethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04776310652887765772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1095164539169852231.post-82084999520242207802011-12-29T07:01:00.000+05:302011-12-29T07:02:59.915+05:30Applying Broken Window Theory to Project Management<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The broken windows theory is a criminology theory of the norm setting and signaling effect of urban disorder and vandalism on additional crime and anti-social behavior. The theory states that monitoring and maintaining urban environments in a well-ordered condition may stop further vandalism as well as an escalation into more serious crime.<br />
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Consider a building with a few broken windows. If the windows are not repaired, the tendency is for vandals to break a few more windows. Eventually, they may even break into the building, and if it's unoccupied, perhaps become squatters or light fires inside. Or consider a sidewalk. Some litter accumulates. Soon, more litter accumulates. Eventually, people even start leaving bags of trash from take-out restaurants there or breaking into cars.<br />
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Do we know what determines our behavior? A major factor in determining individual behavior is social norms; Humans constantly monitor other people and their environment in order to determine what the correct norms are for the given situation. People do as others do and the group makes sure that the rules are followed.<br />
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How this helps Project Manager? It teaches that Project manager must follow principle of Zero Tolerance, problems crop up when we begins to tolerate constant non conformance. The more we turn a blind eye to problems, the more problems crop up. We need to follow Zero tolerance policy by examining every incident of non conformance, we need to ensure that broken windows are fixed and that recurrences are rare in the Project.<br />
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All Project commitments need to be tracked and it should not be acceptable to slip commitments for even small tasks. Task tacking tools (like one I made using goolgle apps , and it is free) should be used to ensure complete tracking of due tasks . Project Manager needs to ensure that task slippages are tracked and fixed else it will become norm.<br />
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References : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_windows_theory<br />
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</div>Sakethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04776310652887765772noreply@blogger.com0 New Delhi, Delhi, India28.635308 77.2249628.1899165 76.593246 29.080699499999998 77.856674tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1095164539169852231.post-30895258888291130842011-02-12T21:46:00.000+05:302011-02-12T21:46:14.571+05:30How fast are we adopting Cloud Computing?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicghslkWzOVIvlmoPAo3hV8vKlDS8pQW8gDjNlUgBvbiosl6qF-dKAL9UY8Zib-lRKyrxActOQzv23bdTRs4MXgCKgWMF-J1nGyAQqt9K8vC2o_09bvajWSw3oiEJqz6-N48OoUMUop3la/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicghslkWzOVIvlmoPAo3hV8vKlDS8pQW8gDjNlUgBvbiosl6qF-dKAL9UY8Zib-lRKyrxActOQzv23bdTRs4MXgCKgWMF-J1nGyAQqt9K8vC2o_09bvajWSw3oiEJqz6-N48OoUMUop3la/s200/images.jpg" width="126" /></a>I have been thinking about potential of cloud computing since I visited Cloud camp last year, cloud was not much known concept till that time but things have changed. PwC report includes cloud computing in three trends that are changing the face of $250 billion software market. A report by the Centre for Economics and Business Research (CEBR) says that Cloud computing 'could give EU 763bn-euro boost' and could also create 2.4m jobs.<br />
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Cloud computing market in India currently stands at USD 10 million and is expected to reach USD 1,084 million by 2015 as per Zinnov Management Consulting Report, 2010.<br />
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A trend result of “cloud computing” on google trends (http://www.google.com/trends) reflects how cloud is becoming buzz word by passing years, but when I checked “Software as a Service”, “Platform as a Service” and “Infrastructure as a Service”, I found that not all are trending like cloud computing. Software as a Service has been known for many years, where PaaS and IaaS have still not picked up.<br />
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As per survey done by DPCI and Wipro, Software-as-a-Service’ (SaaS) model is the most preferred Cloud service model being used / intended to be used by more than 90% of the organizations surveyed though there is also a growing use or willingness to use ‘Platform-as-a-Service’ (56%), ‘Infrastructure-as-a-Service’ (53%) and ‘Security-as-a-Service’ (53%) delivery.<br />
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There are several reasons for adopting Cloud Computing but ‘On Demand Scalability’, ‘Reduction in Capital Expenditure’ and ‘Reduction in Operational Expenditure’ were the top three reasons selected by the surveyed<br />
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The same survey revealed that – Data Security & Privacy, Compliance issues, and Legal & Contractual issues were perceived to be the top three challenges faced by the organizations in the adoption of Cloud Computing with 95% of the respondents rating Data Security & Privacy as a ‘Critical’ and ‘Very Important’ challenge.<br />
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Large enterprises are hosting non critical business application i.e. Dealer management system, CRM, learning system to public cloud , critical application that demands data to reside within organization system , remains on the private cloud, I expect by next year most of the IT professionals will be knowing what cloud is as they know about XML.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">References:</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.dsci.in/node/539">http://www.dsci.in/node/539</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ciol.com/Storage/News-Reports/India-cloud-computing-market-stands-at-$110mn/137895/0/">http://www.ciol.com/Storage/News-Reports/India-cloud-computing-market-stands-at-$110mn/137895/0/</a><br />
<a href="http://www.big4.com/news/pwc-software-industry-transforming-this-year-2334">http://www.big4.com/news/pwc-software-industry-transforming-this-year-2334</a><br />
<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/business-11931841">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/business-11931841</a><br />
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</div>Sakethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04776310652887765772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1095164539169852231.post-76741998579328801062010-09-11T21:37:00.000+05:302012-01-09T12:49:09.973+05:30Why it is difficult to run the last mile?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I was running the half marathon last month; my third thus far, and as I advanced towards the finish line, a certain realization struck me. On all the three occasions, I had always found it difficult to run the last mile. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">My marathon experience has raised some serious questions- </span><span style="color: black;">It is not that I can’t run long distances, in fact the thrill, the pace, and most importantly the gratification of running for a purpose has always propelled me to participate. But <span style="color: black;">irrespective of the distance, running the last mile has always been formidable, uncomfortable.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Is finishing a job always this difficult? And if yes, does it have to do with the expectation of outcomes? Or is it that we are too exhausted and stressed towards the end that we tend to lose focus and our sense of purpose. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As I as struggle to find answers, I will reason and ponder on each point separately and apply it to the marathon analogy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Let me first talk about expectations of outcome. Assuming that I have already run twelve out of the thirteen miles that will lead me to the finish line, this is when I tend to become distracted. I start thinking about the post run events and it diverts my mind from the current race to future events, this in turn generates desperation of finishing the race, anyhow. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">When I apply this analogy to a project situation, I realize that during the last phase of the project our focus seems to dissipate, we are low on accountability, prioritize lesser, and tend to slacken our hold because the goal appears closer. We </span><span style="color: black;">start talking and thinking about upcoming projects, and enquiring about possible future opportunities. This diverts our attention from the current project and when we <span style="color: black;">get distracted, even for a moment; it takes several minutes to regain our focus. Distractions, large or small, kill productivity and the main task i.e. the completion of the WHOLE project is hampered.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Towards the end, we sometimes feel less energetic and stressed out and when the situation demands our utmost focus and control, we seem lost.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I would probably attribute this to burning out caused by excessive stress and pressure conditions during the various phases of the project cycle. We expend energy too much too soon and feel rather snowed under as the end approaches.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In a project scenario we work overtime to control the schedules, avoid taking any leaves despite the fact that they actually help us reenergise, and fail to develop clear boundaries between work and personal life. As a result, when we reach completion, we feel enervated and helpless to handle stress and it becomes difficult to proceed with the same speed.<span style="color: #666666;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I think for successfully finishing a long race in a given timeframe we need to control both these factors, we need to spend our energy carefully and focus on the present rather than dreaming about future.</span></div>
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</div>Sakethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04776310652887765772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1095164539169852231.post-8630998362088609112010-07-25T18:35:00.000+05:302010-07-25T18:36:06.434+05:30Become a Generalizing Specialist or T-ShapedA generalizing specialist is someone with one or more technical specialties who actively seeks to gain new skills in both his or her existing specialties and other areas. A generalizing specialist is more than just a generalist. A generalist is a jack-of-all-trades but a master of none, whereas a generalizing specialist is a jack-of-all-trades and master of a few.<br />
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A generalizing specialist does one kind of job very well and some other jobs adequately. With generalizing specialists your teams enjoy the benefits of high productivity, while lowering the risk of bottlenecks, and retaining flexibility. There is another similar concept called T-shaped people:<br />
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We look for people who are so inquisitive about the world that they’re willing to try to do what you do. We call them “T-shaped people.” They have a principal skill that describes the vertical leg of the T -- they’re mechanical engineers or industrial designers. But they are so empathetic that they can branch out into other skills, such as anthropology, and do them as well. They are able to explore insights from many different perspectives and recognize patterns of behavior that point to a universal human need. - Tim Brown, “Strategy by Design”<br />
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There are many benefits of having T-Shaped people in team<br />
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<ul><li>Better communication even with less documentation, if someone has an enthusiasm or curiosity about many different subjects and disciplines, then they can be more flexible, more empathetic, and more engaged with the world</li>
<li>Better bottlenecks management, as T-shaped person can do other jobs adequately, he can contribute in other jobs if required.</li>
<li>Better solution of the problem , If the only tool you have is a hammer, you tend to see every problem as a nail. ~ Abraham Maslow , The T-shaped person can explore the problem from many different perspectives and that helps in driving better solutions.</li>
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How to become T-Shaped person? <i>You need to find your own answer</i>, some suggestions<br />
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<ul><li>Reading is a good method: There are some great books and Web-based resources available; you need only to invest time to take advantage of them, follow some good blog, one need to read more than just technical publications.</li>
<li>Participate in community activities, thanks to internet and many popular social media sites ,its easy to participate in online and face to face community activities , join some good groups </li>
<li>Do some experimental projects in your non core areas, say if you are C# expert, try to make something on python.</li>
<li>Share your knowledge , if you do this other will also follow and that will help you in acquiring new skills</li>
<li>Find a mentor for a target skill, mentor could be junior to you…but he has to be expert in the skill you want to acquire </li>
</ul>Sakethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04776310652887765772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1095164539169852231.post-59114402287637542322010-07-17T21:14:00.000+05:302010-07-17T21:16:06.988+05:30Avoid making people Indispensable<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><div>Every individual in a team has a important role to play, but in the interest of individual, project and organization, leaders should not allow people to become indispensable. Lots of career articles have been written about “How to make yourself Indispensable..” the tips like doing more than expectation is essential for professional growth but it should not let person become indispensable. The important part is we should motivate people to become more knowledgeable, productive, friendly and professional but not indispensable.</div><div><br />
</div><div>Indispensability can create issues like </div><div><br />
</div><div><ul><li>Poor Team Productivity , the person become too busy and as a result there may be many tasks kept waiting ,and because of his queue other may not be able to start their activities</li>
<li>Create Risk for project timeline, if the person is not available because of any reason it puts project timelines on risk</li>
<li>Monotonous work, as he can only do some of the work, people keep coming to him only for the same work.</li>
</ul></div><div><br />
</div><div>Some of the measures Project team can take to avoid Indispensability</div><div><ul><li>Continuous knowledge sharing, team should create environment of knowledge sharing. </li>
<li>Task rotation, we should keep rotating people between modules, so there should be more than one developer who codes for one use case.</li>
<li>Educate team to become more professional, the growth in career happens by sharing knowledge not by keeping secrets.</li>
<li>Put process in place, process like one codes and other does the review, one codes and other fixes the bug, peer programming and group design can institutionalize the knowledge sharing. </li>
</ul></div><div><br />
</div></span></span>Sakethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04776310652887765772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1095164539169852231.post-11502630948725813032010-06-13T16:58:00.000+05:302010-06-13T16:58:23.175+05:30Murphy's Laws of Project Tracking<ol class="orderedlist" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><li class="first-listitem"><div class="first-para" id="nr-para.66334F56-B670-48FF-BAD5-38274B7B90C8" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Projects progress quickly to a 90 percent completion factor, and then stay at 90 percent forever.</span></div></li>
<li class="listitem"><div class="first-para" id="nr-para.E1C1E6A6-C514-4723-BB44-BB92B7EE6299" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">When things are going well, something goes wrong.</span></div></li>
<li class="listitem"><div class="first-para" id="nr-para.187BEFEF-5E73-4AE1-9B6C-019D46A666FA" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">If the content of the project changes often, the r<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: yellow;">ate of change will always overtake the rate of progress</span>.</span></div></li>
<li class="listitem"><div class="first-para" id="nr-para.9F967B50-5D68-4D94-A9ED-66948C570455" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">A poorly planned project will take <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: yellow;">three times longer</span> to complete than expected; a well-planned project <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: yellow;">only takes twice</span> as long to complete.</span></div></li>
<li class="listitem"><div class="first-para" id="nr-para.7A9453DF-F6C6-4CF4-BA88-11337DD20290" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Members of the project team will ignore your progress reports because the reports portray the limited progress that has been made.</span></div></li>
<li class="listitem"><div class="first-para" id="nr-para.1C09D071-48AD-4DA7-A49E-9197953CC08D" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">When you know you've thought of everything, you haven't.</span></div></li>
</ol>Sakethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04776310652887765772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1095164539169852231.post-4216162540434913012010-04-25T19:17:00.000+05:302010-04-25T19:17:15.216+05:30Classic Mistakes in Software Projects<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><div>I am Reading “Rapid Development: Taming Wild Software Schedules”, this book talks about Four Dimensions of Development Speed</div><div><ul><li>People</li>
<li>Process</li>
<li>Product</li>
<li>Technology</li>
</ul></div><div>It talks about classical mistakes ; here i have list out mistakes from book and some from my own experience, do add to it..we need to learn from others mistakes</div><div><br />
</div><div><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">People Related Mistakes</span></i></div><div><br />
</div><div>1. Undermined motivation</div><div>2. Weak personnel</div><div>3. Uncontrolled problem employees</div><div>4. Heroics</div><div>5. Adding people to a late project</div><div>6. Noisy, crowded offices</div><div>7. Friction between developers and customers</div><div>8. Unrealistic expectations</div><div>9. Lack of effective project sponsorship</div><div>10. Lack of stakeholder buy-in</div><div>11. Lack of user input</div><div>12. Politics placed over substance</div><div>13. Wishful thinking</div><div>14. Lack of team sprit</div><div>15. Communication gap , No knowledge sharing</div><div>16. Lack of Assertive communication</div><div><br />
</div><div><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Process Related Mistakes</span></i></div><div><br />
</div><div>17. Overly optimistic schedules</div><div>18. Insufficient risk management</div><div>19. Contractor failure</div><div>20. Insufficient planning</div><div>21. Abandonment of planning under pressure</div><div>22. Wasted time during the fuzzy front end</div><div>23. Shortchanged upstream activities</div><div>24. Inadequate design</div><div>25. Shortchanged quality assurance</div><div>26. Insufficient management controls</div><div>27. Premature or overly frequent convergence</div><div>28. Omitting necessary tasks from estimates</div><div>29. Planning to catchup later</div><div>30. Code-like-hell programming</div><div>31. Poorly managed critical path or critical chain</div><div>32. Poor task prioritization or Sequencing</div><div><br />
</div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><i>Product-Related Mistakes</i></span></div><div><br />
</div><div>33. Requirements gold-plating</div><div>34. Feature creep</div><div>35. Developer gold-plating</div><div>36. Push-me, pull-me negotiation</div><div>37. Research-oriented development</div><div>38. Not using value engineering</div><div><br />
</div><div><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Technology-Related Mistakes</span></i></div><div><br />
</div><div>39. Silver-bullet syndrome</div><div>40. Overestimated savings from new tools or methods</div><div>41. Switching tools in the middle of a project</div><div>42. Lack of automated source-code control</div><div>43. Lack of Automated test tools </div></span></span>Sakethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04776310652887765772noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1095164539169852231.post-77744009500917887472010-04-25T15:23:00.001+05:302010-04-25T15:25:57.258+05:30Function Point Analysis, Transactional Function<div class="MsoNormal">IFPUG’s definition of transactional function, Transactional functions provide the means for a user to transact with the application. These functions facilitate the processing of data contained in the system, and convert and present it in a form desired by the user. Following rules can be used to identify transaction</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><br />
<ul><li><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>The transaction is visible or accessible to the user</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>All transactions are identified to be outside the boundary but within the scope of the application being counted</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>The various data elements that constitute the transaction necessarily move from outside to inside the application boundary and vice versa.</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span>The transaction could be invoked through various means of input (batch or online) or through a variety of hardware devices, sensors and more.</li>
</ul></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i>IFPUG defines EI, EO and EQ as follows:</i><br />
<br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">External Input (EI)</div><div class="MsoNormal">An external input (EI) is an elementary process that processes data or control information that comes from outside the application’s boundary. The primary intent of an EI is to maintain one or more ILFs and / or alter the behavior of the system</div><div class="MsoNormal">External Output (EO)</div><div class="MsoNormal">An external output (EO) is an elementary process that sends data or control information outside the application’s boundary. The primary intent of an external output is to present information to a user through processing logic other than or in addition to the retrieval of data or control information. The processing logic must contain at least one mathematical formula or calculation, or create derived data. An external output may also maintain one or more ILF and / or alter behavior of the system.</div><div class="MsoNormal">External inquiry (EQ)</div><div class="MsoNormal">An external inquiry is an elementary process that sends data or control information outside the application boundary. The primary intent of an external inquiry is to present information to a user through the retrieval of data or control information. The processing logic contains no mathematical formula or calculation, and creates no derived data. No ILF is maintained during the processing, not is the behavior of the system altered.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
<i>Determining Complexity of EI, EO and EQ</i><br />
<br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Two components of any transaction decide its complexity; that us, Data Elements (DET) and File Type Referenced (FTR)<br />
<br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">DET: A data element type is a unique user- recognizable, non repeated field. In simple terms, it is a filed in a file or a column in a database table, but the mapping of a field or column in the file should be with respect to the data element recognized from the user’s point of view.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
FTR, a file type referenced (FTR) is a file, internal or external, that has been accesses by the transaction.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
EI Complexity Factor</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.35pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Range</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">1 to 4 DET</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">5 to 15 DET</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">16 or More DET</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">0 to 1 FTR</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Low</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Low</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Average</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 16.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">2 FTRs</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Low</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Average</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">High</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 16.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">3 or more FTRs</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Average</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">High</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">High</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">EO / EQ Complexity Factor</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.35pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Range</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">1 to 5 DET</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">6 to 19 DET</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">19 or More DET</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">0 to 1 FTR</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Low</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Low</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Average</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 16.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">2 to 3 FTRs</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Low</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Average</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">High</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 16.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">4 or more FTRs</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Average</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">High</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">High</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">EI/EQ FP Contribution</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 13.6pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Functional Complexity Rating<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Unadjusted Function Points<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Low<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">3<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Average<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">4<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">High<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">6<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">EO Contribution</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 13.6pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Functional Complexity Rating<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Unadjusted Function Points<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Low<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">4<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Average<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">5<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">High<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">7<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">CRUD Transactions</div><div class="MsoNormal">If we evaluate the elementary process involved in CRUD transactions, we find that except in the case of a Read transactions, all others are unique, As such, while counting EI for a data maintenance transaction, we count them three EI, One each for Create, Update and Delete. The complexity of these three EIs might vary depending on the number of data element involved in each of the transactions.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>Sakethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04776310652887765772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1095164539169852231.post-72391056101709927582010-03-28T07:22:00.000+05:302010-03-28T07:24:21.188+05:30Function Point Analysis, Data Functions<div class="MsoNormal">Data function is one of the two most critical components of the entire FPA process. The functionality requirements of the application are met through data functions and are facilitated by means of internal and external files. The focus here is on logical storage of data in the forms of files and not the physical implementation.</div><div class="MsoNormal">IFPUG’s Counting Practice Manual broadly classifies the data function types into two categories: Internal Logical Files (ILF) and External Interface Files (EIFs). The boundary of the application being counted decides what is internal and what is external to the system. All files owned and maintained be the application being counted are ILFs and all files referenced by the application but outside the boundary of the scope of count, are EIFs. In other words, if the CRUD (Create, Read, Update and Delete) factors apply to a file in the system, it is likely to be an ILF, and if it is read only, the file is an EIF.</div><div class="MsoNormal">The CPM 4.2 defines ILF and EIF as follows:</div><div class="MsoNormal">ILF: An internal logical file (ILF) is a user identifiable group of logically related data or control information maintained within the boundary of the application. The Primary intent of an ILF is to hold data maintained through one or more elementary process of the application being counted.</div><div class="MsoNormal">EIF: An external interface file (EIF) is a user identifiable group of logically related data or control information referenced by the application, but maintained within the boundary of another application. The primary intent of an EIF is to hold data referenced through one or more elementary process within the boundary of the application counted. This means an EIF counted for an application must be an ILF in another application.</div><div class="MsoNormal">The basic difference between an ILF and EIF is that although the ILF is owned and maintained by the application being counted, the EIF is used and referenced by the application being considered for FP counting purpose. The EIF referenced by the application being counted must be an ILF to another application.</div><div class="MsoNormal">Determining Complexity of ILFs and EIFs</div><div class="MsoNormal">IFPUG has defined a clear process of identifying an ILF or EIF as Low, Average or High and also has a fixed number of unadjusted function points assigned to each of these categories. Only two major components of any data file decided its complexity: data elements (DET) and record elements (RET).</div><div class="MsoNormal">DET</div><div class="MsoNormal">A data element type (DET) is a unique, user-recognizable, non-repeated field. In simple terms, it is a filed within a record of a file or a column in a database table (file), but the mapping of a filed or column in the file should be with respect to the data element recognized from the user point of view.</div><div class="MsoNormal">RET</div><div class="MsoNormal">A record element type (RET) is a user-recognizable subgroup of data elements within an ILF or EIF. There are two types of subgroups, Optional and Mandatory.<br />
<br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">ILF/EIF Complexity Factor</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.35pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Range</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">1 to 19 DET</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">20 to 50 DET</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">51 or More DET</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">1 RET</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Low</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Low</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Average</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 16.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">2 to 5 RET</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Low</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Average</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">High</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 16.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">6 or more RET</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Average</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">High</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 108.75pt;" valign="top" width="145"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">High</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">ILF FP Contribution</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 13.6pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Functional Complexity Rating</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Unadjusted Function Points</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Low</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">7</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Average</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">10</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">High</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">15</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">EIF FP Contribution</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 13.6pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Functional Complexity Rating<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Unadjusted Function Points<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Low<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">5<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">Average<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">7<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">High<o:p></o:p></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 219.0pt;" valign="top" width="292"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">10<o:p></o:p></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Points to Remember</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> - </span></span>An ILF or EIF may appear repeatedly in multiple sections of the same application during the counting process. Ensure that once a specific, identified ILF or EIF is defined and recorder, any subsequent appearances of the same ILF or EIF should be ignored.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> - </span></span>The basic definition of an ILF and EIF maps them to a logical implementation of a file. Do not confuse this with the physical implementation of an existing data model in an RDBMS system. You should identify an ILF or EIF based on user view and ensure it is a logical implementable only.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><br />
</div>Sakethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04776310652887765772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1095164539169852231.post-35396638620670619002010-03-07T15:43:00.000+05:302010-03-07T15:45:19.559+05:30Overview of Software Estimation<div class="MsoNormal">Wikipedia defines “Estimation is the calculated approximation of a result which is usable even if input data may be incomplete or uncertain.”<br />
<br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Estimation Methods:</div><div class="MsoNormal">An estimation method is a set of process, supported by appropriate empirical formulae and backed with historical reference data, that help derive predictable results within a decent level of accuracy. Some of the key characteristics of good estimation method are </div><div class="MsoNormal">• Should be easy to understood and deploy</div><div class="MsoNormal">• Allow modularization of the software application components</div><div class="MsoNormal">• Provide predictable results with accuracy within reasonable limits</div><div class="MsoNormal">• Be comparable across a variety of software projects</div><div class="MsoNormal">• Provide conversion of the outputs to other project execution parameters such as schedule, cost, progress etc.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
Function Point</div><div class="MsoNormal">A function point is a unit of measure for arriving at software application size. It measures the functionality. Functionality is the process by which information about an entity is fetched, stored or exported</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
FPA Model</div><div class="MsoNormal">The FPA model facilitates the measurement of software application size. The output of this method is function points. A function point is defined as a unit of business functionality delivered through the software.</div><div class="MsoNormal">The FPA model is based on the premise that any software application can be sized based on five key parameters: Input, output, inquiries, internal files and external interfaces.<br />
<br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">1. Inputs: For any software application to exists, it is essential that programmers provide the means through which business information can be stored in the files. Moving data from an external source into the application files and updating and maintaining the data are all included under the input attributes. All the CRUD (Create, Read, Update and Delete) operations are classified under the input attribute.</div><div class="MsoNormal">2. Outputs: Business information processed through the software application could be output in various forms. The outputs could be printed, stored on other media or even displayed on the monitor itself</div><div class="MsoNormal">3. Inquiries: The output of inquiry is quite similar to that of outputs discussed previously but the output generated here are in their original form. Business information is not processed; rather it is just or rearranged based on user request.</div><div class="MsoNormal">4. Internal Files: All the data that are owned and maintained within the application are stored in files known as internal files. These files belong to the application and any modification to the data contents is the responsibility of the application owner.</div><div class="MsoNormal">5. Interfaces: a software application that enables users to make business transitions with the software normally interact with other applications, either within or external to the organization. Interfacing with other application is a key attribute that contributes to the size of the application being measured.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">The General system characteristics (GSC) are another set of 14 attributes that define the overall complexity of the software application being sized. These 14 GSC help the estimator define certain performance and operational aspects of the application. </div>Sakethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04776310652887765772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1095164539169852231.post-10956933169181085032010-02-28T19:33:00.000+05:302010-02-28T19:33:13.515+05:30The ISO 9126 Software Quality Standards<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.8pt; width: 600px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 8.9pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 8.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.65pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Function<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 8.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sub Category<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 8.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.8pt;" valign="top" width="368"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">DEFINITION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td rowspan="5" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.65pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Functionality<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Suitability<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.8pt;" valign="top" width="368"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Attributes of software that bear on the presence and appropriateness of a set of functions for specified tasks<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Accurateness<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.8pt;" valign="top" width="368"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Attributes of software that bear on the provision of right or agreed upon results or effects<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Interoperability<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.8pt;" valign="top" width="368"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Attributes of software that bear on its ability to interact with other systems<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 35.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Compliance<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.8pt;" valign="top" width="368"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Attributes of software that make the software adhere to application-related standards or conventions or regulations in laws and similar prescriptions<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Security<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.8pt;" valign="top" width="368"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Attributes of software that bear on its ability to prevent unauthorized access, whether accidental or deliberate, to programs or data<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td rowspan="3" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.65pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Reliability<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Maturity<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.8pt;" valign="top" width="368"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Attributes of software that bear on the frequency of failure by faults in the software<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 35.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Fault tolerance<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.8pt;" valign="top" width="368"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Attributes of software that bear on its ability to maintain a specified level of performance in case of software faults or of infringement of its specified interface<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 35.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Recoverability<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.8pt;" valign="top" width="368"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Attributes of software that bear on the capability to re-establish its level of performance and recover the data directly affected in case of a failure and on the time and effort needed for it<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td rowspan="3" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.65pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Usability<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Understandability<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.8pt;" valign="top" width="368"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Attributes of software that bear on the users’ effort for recognizing the logical concept and its applicability<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Learnability<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.8pt;" valign="top" width="368"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Attributes of software that bear on the users’ effort for learning its application<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Operability<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.8pt;" valign="top" width="368"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Attributes of software that bear on the users’ effort for operation and operation control <o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;"> <td rowspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.65pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Efficiency<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Time behavior<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.8pt;" valign="top" width="368"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Attributes of software that bear on response and processing times and on throughput rates in performing its function<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Resource behavior<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.8pt;" valign="top" width="368"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Attributes of software that bear on the amount of resources used and the duration of such use in performing its function<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 35.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;"> <td rowspan="4" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 35.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.65pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Maintainability<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Analyzability<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.8pt;" valign="top" width="368"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Attributes of software that bear on the effort needed for diagnosis of deficiencies or causes of failures or for identification of parts to be modified<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Changeability<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.8pt;" valign="top" width="368"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Attributes of software that bear on the effort needed for modification, fault removal, or environmental change<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Stability<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.8pt;" valign="top" width="368"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Attributes of software that bear on the risk of unexpected effect of modifications<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 17;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Testability<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.8pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.8pt;" valign="top" width="368"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Attributes of software that bear on the effort needed for validating the modified software<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 44.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 18;"> <td rowspan="4" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 44.55pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 79.65pt;" valign="top" width="106"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Portability<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 44.55pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Adaptability<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 44.55pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.8pt;" valign="top" width="368"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Attributes of software that bear on the opportunity for its adaptation to different specified environments without applying other actions or means than those provided for this purpose for the software considered<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 19;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Installability<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.8pt;" valign="top" width="368"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Attributes of software that bear on the effort needed to install the software in a specified environment<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 20;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Conformance<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.8pt;" valign="top" width="368"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Attributes of software that make the software adhere to standards or conventions relating to portability<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 21; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.75pt;" valign="top" width="126"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Replaceability<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 275.8pt;" valign="top" width="368"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Attributes of software that bear on opportunity and effort using it in the place of specified other software in the environment of that software<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>Sakethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04776310652887765772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1095164539169852231.post-77673596017483231612010-02-20T21:10:00.000+05:302010-02-20T21:10:11.622+05:30Cloud Computing<div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">Visited Cloudcamp today at IIT Delhi, it was a nice experience, came to know about few new terms and business models. Here I try to share some of it. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">You can find Definition of cloud computing at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing, at broad level, there are three type of cloud computing<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">Software as a service : SaaS software vendors may host the application on their own web servers or upload the application to the consumer device, disabling it after use or after the on-demand contract expires. The on-demand function may be handled internally to share licenses within a firm or by a third-party application service provider (ASP) sharing licenses between firms. In Indian context Airtel has stack of such products. There was presentation from salesforce.com on their offering. I use to know salesforce as CRM application provider only, but today I came know that they have development platform (onforce.com) to offer too. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">Platform as a service' (PaaS) the delivery of a computing platform and solution stack as a service. It often goes further with the provision of a software development platform, that is designed for Cloud Computing at the top of the cloud stack. There was presentation from Microsoft on this, Microsoft presentation was around their product Azure. The product looks promising.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is the delivery of computer infrastructure (typically a platform virtualization environment) as a service. There was presentation by amazon on their products, the presenter spoke about Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) in detail. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">If this interests you, google it… you will find tons of information and business ideas around this. </span></span></div>Sakethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04776310652887765772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1095164539169852231.post-74893926396932039442010-02-12T22:46:00.000+05:302010-02-12T22:47:36.125+05:30Law of triviality<div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Parkinson's Law of triviality is the idea that organization gives disproportionate time to insignificant items. An example often used is the discussion of a multi million pound power plant. No one really understands the implications so it gets waved through the committee with little discussion. However, when it comes to the issue of whether to provide a bike shed for workers, there could be an animated discussion about - whether to build it, how to build, and what color e.t.c. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In our media the law of triviality is quite evident; see in today’s news “My Name Is Khan “related stories are dominating, where the Chidambaram</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">’s comments on PoK residents are not even visible on front pages. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">At personal level when I analyzed my time spending pattern, I find law of triviality is prevailing. I think its bit hard to change the thought process of nation or organization, but we should be able to change our own. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I have taken few baby step towards managing law of triviality, now I list down top three important tasks for the day, this I do during my morning tea, some time I suggest my colleagues also to make such list, I ask them when I want their focus on an important issue effecting my project. For my project meetings, I set the agenda in advance and also sequence it as per the criticality of the issues. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I close with few quotes:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Time is what we want most, but what we use worst. - </span></em><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">William Penn<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ordinary people think merely of spending time. Great people think of using it.<o:p></o:p></span></em></div><div class="MsoNormal"><em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Until you value yourself, you will not value your time. Until you value your time, you will not do anything with it.- </span></em><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">M. Scott Peck</span></span><em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></em></div><div style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If you want to make good use of your time, you’ve got to know what’s most important and then give it all you’ve got. - </span></em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lee Iacocca<o:p></o:p></span></div><div style="line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><em><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal;"><em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It’s not enough to be busy, so are the ants. The question is, what are we busy about? - </span></em><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Henry David Thoreau</span></span></span></o:p></em></div>Sakethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04776310652887765772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1095164539169852231.post-70526256893253960002010-01-31T19:52:00.000+05:302010-01-31T19:52:47.619+05:30Theory of Constraints<div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Theory of Constraints says that any system must have a constraint that limits its output. If there were no constraint, system output would either rise indefinitely or would fall to zero. Therefore, a constraint limits any system with a nonzero output.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Deming</span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> “We learned that optimization is a process of orchestrating the efforts of all components toward achievement of the stated aim.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A physical chain provides the most commonly used prop to describe theory of constraint. The goal of a chain is to provide strength in tension. Everyone accepts that the weakest link determines the strength of a chain. Anyone can see that improving the strength of links other than the weakest link has no impact on the strength of the chain.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="para"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dettmer poses the following list in his book</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></i></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Eliyahu M. Goldratt’s The Theory of Constraints, A Systems Approach to Continuous Improvement</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="first-para" id="110-4" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">System thinking is preferable to analytical thinking in managing change and solving problems.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="first-para" id="110-5" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">An optimal system solution deteriorates after time as the system’s environment changes. A process of ongoing improvement is required to update and maintain the effectiveness of a solution.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="first-para" id="110-6" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If a system is performing as well as it can, not more than one of its component parts will be. If all parts are performing as well as they can, the system as a whole will not be. The system optimum is not the sum of the local optima.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="first-para" id="110-7" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Systems are analogous to chains. Each system has a “weakest link” (constraint) that ultimately limits the success of the entire system.<a href="" id="111" name="111"></a><a href="" id="IDX-46" name="IDX-46"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="first-para" id="111-1" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Strengthening any link in the chain other than the weakest one does nothing to improve the strength of the whole chain.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="first-para" id="111-2" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Knowing what to change requires a thorough understanding of the system’s current reality, its goal, and the magnitude and direction of the difference between the two.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="first-para" id="111-3" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Most of the UDEs within a system are caused by a few core problems.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="first-para" id="111-4" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Core problems are almost never superficially apparent. They manifest themselves through a number of UDEs linked by a network of effectà</span><span style="background: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">cause</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">àeffect.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="first-para" id="111-5" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">9.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Elimination of individual UDEs (undesired effects) gives a false sense of security while ignoring the underlying core problem. Solutions that do this are likely to be short-lived. Solution of a core problem simultaneously eliminates all of the resulting UDEs.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="first-para" id="111-6" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">10.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Core problems are usually perpetuated by a hidden or underlying conflict. Solution of core problems requires challenging the assumptions underlying the conflict and invalidating at least one.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="first-para" id="111-7" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">11.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">System constraints can be either physical or policy-based. Physical constraints are relatively easy to identify and simple to eliminate. Policy-based constraints are usually more difficult to identify and eliminate, but they normally result in a larger degree of system improvement than the elimination of a physical constraint.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="first-para" id="111-8" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">12.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Inertia is the worst enemy of a process of ongoing improvement. Solutions tend to assume a mass of their own, which resists further change.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="first-para" id="111-9" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">13.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ideas are not solutions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="first-para" id="111-9" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Five Focusing Steps<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Having realized the goal of the system and the fact of a constraint, Goldratt invented the five focusing steps as a process to get the most out of a system in terms of the system goal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Identify the System’s Constraints, </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In order to improve the system in terms of the goal, you have to identify what is holding it back. You have to decide “what to change.”</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Decide How to Exploit the System’s Constraints , </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Exploiting the system constraint requires getting the most out of the weakest link of the chain. In this step, you are deciding “what to change to.”</span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. Subordinate Everything Else to the Above Decision, </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This is the key to focusing your effort. While subordinating, you may find many assumptions that seem to inhibit doing the right thing</span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This step is the first part of deciding “how to</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">cause</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">the change.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4 Elevate the System’s Constraints</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, This is the implementing part of “how to</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="background: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">cause</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">the change.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5 If in the Previous Step a Constraint Has Been Broken, Go Back to Step 1, </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This is the optimum continuous improvement strategy.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" id="130-2"><br />
</div>Sakethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04776310652887765772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1095164539169852231.post-71370781423332903622010-01-24T18:45:00.000+05:302010-01-26T13:18:03.766+05:30Skill Portfolio Management<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Significant number of project execution organizations have started using project portfolio management (PPM) as a means of selecting the right projects, The same approach can be used to manage our skills, or say skill portfolio management (SPM)</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Project portfolio management (PPM) is generally defined as a dynamic decision-making process, whereby a business' list of active projects is constantly updated and revised (Cooper, 2001). In this process, new project are evaluated, selected, and prioritized; existing projects may be accelerated, killed, or deprioritized. Organizations are using project portfolio management (PPM) as a means of selecting the right projects .The derived definition of skill portfolio management could be , a decision-making process, where one evaluates the need of new skills, select and prioritize acquisition of skills. The way organization maximizes returns on capital by using project portfolio management, we can also maximize returns on our time investment by using skill portfolio management.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Let us take example of two project portfolio management tools for skill portfolio management.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">•</span><span style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Strategic Alignment Model</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">•</span><span style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Boston Consulting Group Products/Services Matrix</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Strategic Alignment Model</span></b><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7BzmDk79MjErfM54Y_zCPHSwI1ZaCIq4olQgccTbSgKM9SDqH9-EuZ6InKM6B2C7Lgzd9UWG5rm4a_2Mitcd3WcdE-QxybysRfbdjjIjN21RfMthAcVVpL0ZQov9dH-KKKJGfil3fkDfm/s1600/begin_with_the_end_in_mind.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7BzmDk79MjErfM54Y_zCPHSwI1ZaCIq4olQgccTbSgKM9SDqH9-EuZ6InKM6B2C7Lgzd9UWG5rm4a_2Mitcd3WcdE-QxybysRfbdjjIjN21RfMthAcVVpL0ZQov9dH-KKKJGfil3fkDfm/s200/begin_with_the_end_in_mind.gif" width="200" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This model attempts to align projects with the direction the enterprise has decided to follow. In other words, it aligns projects with those things that are important to the enterprise. For skill portfolio we can look at it along with Habit 2 from “7 Habits of Highly Successful People”. The habit 2 talks about “Begin with the End in Mind”, if your ladder is not leaning against the right wall, every step you take get you to the wrong place faster. We should have clear career goal in mind, so when we think of acquiring a skill we should look at the possible contribution of this skill in achieving the career goal.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Boston Consulting Group Products/Services Matrix</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Matrix is a well-known model that has been used for several years. It defines four categories of products/services based on their growth rate and competitive position,</span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFdFCsgiNQyJoOKUvzteXEl-EeHn3feZxWxcY4weQjMLH2NNuYcifFWskP7XClE_9OJWdKUpN7W5q3uYC6hWqsiEFQLVCjVpw8La1vwvnPh0m_d1X0UZi7FubySs0MuKum5bMSkakdEqwm/s1600-h/BCG+matrix+2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFdFCsgiNQyJoOKUvzteXEl-EeHn3feZxWxcY4weQjMLH2NNuYcifFWskP7XClE_9OJWdKUpN7W5q3uYC6hWqsiEFQLVCjVpw8La1vwvnPh0m_d1X0UZi7FubySs0MuKum5bMSkakdEqwm/s200/BCG+matrix+2.gif" width="200" /></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cash Cows</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These are well-established products/services that have a strong market share but limited growth potential. They are stable and profitable. Projects that relate to cash cows are important to the organization because the company will want to protect that investment for as long as it maintains that market position.<br />
On the same line, Person’s skills, which are returning profit in current market falls in this category, for example a coding skills of a developer. It is necessary to protect and enhance these skills, but it should be understood that these skill will not be enough for growth.<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dogs</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Because these products/services are not competitive and have little or no growth potential, any projects related to them should not be undertaken. The best thing an organization can do with dogs is, phase them out as quickly and painlessly as possible.<br />
First I thought that dogs are not relevant for skill portfolio management, but later I realized, we do need to identify skills which are not adding value to the current role, lets take example of a project manager, He is not expected to keep enhancing his coding skills, he should not be investing time in enhancing dog skills.<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Stars</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These are products/services that have strong market positions and clearly strong growth potential. Projects related to stars are good investment opportunities. Stars are the future cash cows.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Stars skills are the one which gives us future growth, the skills which has great growth potential. We need to invest our time in enhancing the star skills.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For both the cases, the question mark represents the starting point of the model. Products/services that are untested in the market but appear to have strong growth potential. The objective is to turn them into stars and then cash cows.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Conscious career planning can help us in achieving our career goals faster. Identification of right future skills is quite challenging exercise but we have to do it, there is no alternative to it.</span>Sakethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04776310652887765772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1095164539169852231.post-48253185248805737862010-01-17T21:39:00.000+05:302010-01-17T21:39:40.860+05:30Overview of Critical Chain Project Management<div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Critical Chain solution to scheduling and managing projects was derived from a methodology called "The Theory of Constraints.</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Within any project, the Critical Chain is defined as the longest chain of dependent events where the dependency is either task or resource related. This definition assumes that the longest chain is the one that is most likely to impact negatively the overall duration of the projec</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">t </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">One of the assumptions in Critical Chain is that a task time is not a deterministic number. It is an estimate. It means that any task that is part of a project cannot be predetermined to take an exact amount of time. sound strange? Most of us take pride in doing reliable estimates</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, but critical chain believes that the reliable estimates comes when people give estimates with padding</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, the 80 percent chance of meeting the estimate is often 2–2.5 times the 50/50 duration</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In a Critical Chain project, management accepts that task times are not deterministic. Task times are guesses. Therefore, it is perfectly normal for task times to take longer than estimated</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. Management does not worry about whether or not a task finishes on time. They focus on finishing the project on time</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</div><div class="para"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To make project finishing on time, the following steps are necessary:</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
</div><div class="first-para" id="1850-6" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> -</span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Take all forms of padding/ buffers out of the task estimates.</span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
</div><div class="first-para" id="1850-7" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> -</span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Resource level the project.</span></span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> All tasks should be well resourced </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
</div><div class="first-para" id="1850-9" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> -</span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Don't measure people on the accuracy of their estimates.</span></span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
</div><div class="first-para" id="1850-9" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> -</span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Implement a project buffer to protect the project's Critical Chain.</span></span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It sits at the end of a project and is calculated as a percentage of the length of the Critical Chain, typically 30–50 percent. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
</div><div class="first-para" id="1852-3" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">-Implement feeding buffers on each feeding path, to protect the Critical Chain from variances on any feeding path.</span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span>So the critical chain suggests to keep buffer at the end of the chain, say if we want to get to the office by 9 AM, we should plan our schedule in such a way that all planned tasks / activities of reaching office finishes by 8:30 AM, so the difference 9 AM – 8:30 AM will act as buffer and will absorb the delay if happens at any stage on the chain.</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvENrvlx6eTp2t64cJuyJVp478J5a7xZxh4XCyoO0rU6RQvx8YJBG2eY6ouhPUVxURVD2IgiSLSscX_ClJNw5m6Fhz_CsbH_LjsNELY7n0EGaDUXs8AluPmMPp5AmE8MMFlVZKKtATNsh-/s1600-h/CPM.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvENrvlx6eTp2t64cJuyJVp478J5a7xZxh4XCyoO0rU6RQvx8YJBG2eY6ouhPUVxURVD2IgiSLSscX_ClJNw5m6Fhz_CsbH_LjsNELY7n0EGaDUXs8AluPmMPp5AmE8MMFlVZKKtATNsh-/s400/CPM.JPG" /></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">In this diagram I tried to create a typical software project's activity sequence using the critical chain approach, here we are developing two use cases and integrating them at the end, In order to give predictable start date to Integration testing we need to have feeding buffer at the end of each use case development chain and to give predictable end date to the project we need to have project buffer at the end.<o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Buffer management is one of the important activities in critical chain projects. Every task in a Critical Chain project is connected either to a project buffer or a feeding buffer. When a task takes longer than estimated, it eats into the buffer that it is connected to. Buffer penetration reports indicate when the project is in danger. They also indicate which current task is causing the problem.</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Feeding buffers are shock absorbers on the noncritical paths; only after a feeding buffer is 100 percent consumed does the project buffer get impacted</span></span><o:p></o:p><br />
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</div>Sakethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04776310652887765772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1095164539169852231.post-1197929034559410142010-01-17T18:11:00.000+05:302010-01-17T18:30:31.277+05:30Dealing with student syndrome<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz6QBqePG4WFgTlaBZFyoytaAI2p44pd2ANQUlvD6_NqoP6VsR_MIDPoaS3WFtfIlQm0v8AVJcKNMStNoT6A6kzHSkhclzC22xrPs3AwMJ0ry8Q6O3GorC1Y1JElYxbEye4Y1onzRYKour/s1600-h/Student.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz6QBqePG4WFgTlaBZFyoytaAI2p44pd2ANQUlvD6_NqoP6VsR_MIDPoaS3WFtfIlQm0v8AVJcKNMStNoT6A6kzHSkhclzC22xrPs3AwMJ0ry8Q6O3GorC1Y1JElYxbEye4Y1onzRYKour/s200/Student.jpg" /></a><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Student syndrome refers to the phenomenon that many people will start to fully apply themselves to a task just at the last possible moment before a deadline. This leads to wasting any buffers built into individual task duration estimates. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Parkinson’s Law … “work expands to fill the time available for its completion” </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Our Projects do suffer from student syndrome, whatever we estimate the actual time tend to be more than the estimated one. Here I am sharing my view on dealing with student syndrome in project environment.</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Setting of short term deadlines</b></span></span></span></i><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, short term deadlines or intermediate milestones provides effectively feedback about the project progress; these deadlines should be reviewed on regular basic, the duration depends upon the nature and stage of the project but we should not end up in micromanagement. Team congruence on short term targets is quite essential, it can be build by involving team in setting up short term deadlines. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b>Share the big picture</b></i>, along with the short term targets, team should also be clear about the ultimate goal of the project and should be able to see path to it by meeting short term deadlines</span></span></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><i><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Measure productivity</b></span></span></i><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">, we should have model for measuring team’s productivity; once we start measuring it we can also improve it. This will put check on “work expands to fill the time available for its completion”</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I kept reminding my team and myself </span></span><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"The more we sweat in peace, the less we bleed in war.</span></span></b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"</span></span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></span></span>Sakethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04776310652887765772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1095164539169852231.post-17584850901692855772010-01-10T16:52:00.000+05:302010-01-16T06:31:01.065+05:30Scheduling of long duration projects<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>My aim today is to share some insight on scheduling of long duration projects.</i></span><br />
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</i></span> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i> </i></span><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIBhyphenhyphenVa4-oYO7eoKneNYAGXBoaXjuDT5f1IU0hD7O-xKbNLWfzORoJfXk-4HpZ9davwomeexmBsm83HBs8CKiiMYkOW8UNTh29PAoWBbUjvWAbhno5K1Lt8WtY281tveXStuoMs2zolI7_/s1600-h/j0443024.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIBhyphenhyphenVa4-oYO7eoKneNYAGXBoaXjuDT5f1IU0hD7O-xKbNLWfzORoJfXk-4HpZ9davwomeexmBsm83HBs8CKiiMYkOW8UNTh29PAoWBbUjvWAbhno5K1Lt8WtY281tveXStuoMs2zolI7_/s200/j0443024.jpg" /></i></span></a><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>The Purpose of scheduling is to provide a roadmap which represents how and when the project will deliver the project scope, Project Schedule establish the time required for the project. Critical Path Method is commonly used for project scheduling; The Critical Path method is scheduling network analysis technique which determines the minimum project duration.</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i> </i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>For creating a critical path we have to define, sequence and estimate activities but It’s very difficult to foresee activities for a distant future say six months from now.</i></span><br />
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</i></span> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i> </i></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Here we need to understand two terms </i></span><u><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Rolling Wave Planning</i></span></u><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i> and </i></span><u><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Course-Grain Plan</i></span></u><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: italic;">Rolling Wave Planning</span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Rolling Wave Planning acknowledges the fact that we can see more clearly what is in close proximity, but looking further ahead our vision becomes less clear. </i></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: italic;">Fine-grain / course-grain</span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>“Science requires different levels of abstraction for different phenomena.</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i> </i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Scientific theories can be big picture and course-grained like a highway map, or fine-grained like a local street map. Both are equally valid; they just need to agree with each other and conform to reality.”</i></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>– The Origin of Wealth by Eric D. Beinhocker</i></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><br />
</i></span> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i> </i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>In software projects we do effort estimation using estimation model (UCP, FP, and transaction Point etc) and based on effort estimates we drive team size and project duration. Project duration is divided in various phases depending the software development methodology (iterative, waterfall etc) in use.</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i> </i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>We should do fine-grain planning to the current visible duration and course-grain planning for rest of the project. The fine-grain schedule will have clear definition of activities, their sequence and resources which in turns gives us critical path of that duration of the project in course-grain schedule we should identify some critical milestones these milestones should not only</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i> </i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>limited to phase ends but also include external and internal dependencies. All these milestones should be linked with each other and duration between two milestones should be estimated using estimation model. If we do so we can see the critical path of whole project even though we have not fine-grained the complete schedule, this helps in identifying the critical milestones (the one coming on the critical path ) </i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i> </i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>and tracking project progress. If we don’t link the milestones till project end we may plan well the current visible duration but will not be sure of the conformance to course-grain schedule.</i></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>The schedule provides reliable prediction of dates and critical path only if the activity relationships or milestone relations are clearly defined and activity duration is know with higher degree of certainty, As we can not predict all activity durations with higher degree of certainty that is why we need to do schedule risk analysis on regular basic, the schedule risk analysis gives answer to questions like following:</i></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>•</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i> </i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>What is the likelihood of finishing the project as per schedule?</i></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>•</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i> </i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>What contingency need to be build to establish a completion date with a probability of success that is acceptable to the stakeholders?</i></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>•</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i> </i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Which activity (or summary activity) is most likely to delay the project?</i></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>•</i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i> </i></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>What action can be taken to control risks in the schedule?</i></span><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><br />
</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: italic;">I will discuss my view on schedule risk analysis in detail sometime later but I feel we can not do effective schedule risk analysis if we do not maintain course-grain schedule with defined dependencies.</span><br />
</div>Sakethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04776310652887765772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1095164539169852231.post-22240957307684552392009-12-25T18:33:00.000+05:302010-01-16T06:31:34.780+05:30Earned Value Management (EVM)<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><i></i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><i></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><i></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><i><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The aim of this article is to demonstrate usage of EVM in one of my project.<o:p></o:p></span></i><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Before we start let us refresh EVM. What is EVM? NASA describes it.”</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">EVM is an integrated management control system for assessing, understanding and quantifying what a contractor or field activity is achieving with program dollars”. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Some Key Terms:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Planned Value, PV describes how far along project work is supposed to be at any point in the project schedule. It is a numeric reflection of the budgeted work that is scheduled to be performed.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br />
</span></span><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Earned Value, EV is a snapshot of work progress at a given point in time, it reflects the amount of work that has actually been accomplished to date.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br />
</span></span><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Actual Cost, AC is an indication of the level of resources that have been expended to achieve the actual work performed to date.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Let us get back to my project. My goal was to check project heath and take remedial actions. We did Use Case based size estimation at Initial Stage of this Project. Based on Management priority and nature of the project we made the resource allocation plan. My first task was to convert that planning in planned value terms.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The total project effort which we calculated using UCP and productivity becomes Total planned value of the project<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 11pt;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The resource plan we made gave us planned value graph against time. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; width: 471px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 40.4pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 40.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.9pt;" width="253"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Month<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 40.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">1<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 40.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">2<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 40.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">3<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 40.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">4<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 40.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">5<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 40.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">6<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.9pt;" width="253"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Number of Allocated Resource<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">11<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">15<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">15<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">12<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" width="31"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">12<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">11<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 189.9pt;" valign="top" width="253"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Cumulative Person Months <o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 32.5pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">11<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">26<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">41<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">53<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 23.05pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">64<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">75<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">So the line graph of PV looks like <o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6YWk7eHEGkH5xgbFVD_2sxzY2_jo-vfUcYq_eCOwu2RpFvz7Gpa-UXJ9ss5VTEBEJuqKqYW-i4t-1exH6RIb1-2oRftZB6bjzRU7q8UpKbnHMigitmtv2lYVL_HvG7ZvlnXCtW_5c3wCB/s1600-h/Grp-1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6YWk7eHEGkH5xgbFVD_2sxzY2_jo-vfUcYq_eCOwu2RpFvz7Gpa-UXJ9ss5VTEBEJuqKqYW-i4t-1exH6RIb1-2oRftZB6bjzRU7q8UpKbnHMigitmtv2lYVL_HvG7ZvlnXCtW_5c3wCB/s320/Grp-1.JPG" /></a><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">We calculated the Actual cost, by counting the number of person months we have spent on this project till now (at the end of month three)<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The trickiest part of the calculation was the earned value, here we had to identify the estimated value of the finished work. It was easy to identify earned value of finished Use Cases but for the one not finished I had to go by some judgment. On Such Use Cases I applied the Percentage Completing technique, I used objective indicators like test build sent, design completed for arriving at the percentage completion figure. I calculated this figure for last three months and the complete picture looks like below<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqyXSImQQFjY4tyTTmbXvG1PuDEVnYxLTgsnLqNeu4r7NQhnG81AreGk0FT1OrwXWAXRPNvuc7g93RAUv7W_G0TSbLzZuTbACxbp7lRdwCj9_hKD59BsrmaLg2iXZCUZ2Ys015tlRKKwvM/s1600-h/Grp-2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqyXSImQQFjY4tyTTmbXvG1PuDEVnYxLTgsnLqNeu4r7NQhnG81AreGk0FT1OrwXWAXRPNvuc7g93RAUv7W_G0TSbLzZuTbACxbp7lRdwCj9_hKD59BsrmaLg2iXZCUZ2Ys015tlRKKwvM/s320/Grp-2.JPG" /></a><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">So what does this mean?<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">It means we have done work worth 27 person months by spending 33 person months at the end of month three of the project. Originally we planned to do 41 person months worth work by this time.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: 15px;">Some EVM indicators:</span><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Project Question<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">EVM indicator<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">For my Project<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Are we ahead or behind schedule?<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Schedule Variance , SV = EV-PV<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">27 - 41 = -14<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">How efficiently are we using time?<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Schedule Performance Index , SPI = EV / PV<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">27 / 41 = .65<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Are we under or over Budget?<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Cost Variance, CV = EV- AC<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">27 – 33 = -6<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">How efficiently are we using our resources?<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Cost Performance Index ,<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> CPI = EV / AC<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">27 / 33 = .81<o:p></o:p></span><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="ecxmsonormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #444444; font-size: 15px;">I think EVM metrics add good value in project management. Now I have to work to get my project back on track….. I need to use time efficiently…. Resource utilization is still ok considering the holiday season we have been through.</span><br />
</div></i></span>Sakethttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04776310652887765772noreply@blogger.com0